Learning Theories and Cognitive Development

Learning Theories and Cognitive Development Vygotsky, Bruner, and Dienes share the cognitive viewpoint of learning. Lev Vygotsky, a constructive theorist, viewed social and cognitive development as working jointly while building on each other. One of Vygotskys major contributions to understanding child development, is the concept of the zone of proximal development (Mooney, 2013). Vygotsky believed this concept to be the difference between what a child can accomplish on his own, and what he can do with the assistance of a teacher or peer. In conjunction with the zone of proximal development, scaffolding is vital to a childs development. In Vygotskys view, scaffolding is instrumental in the childs development of knowledge and skills (Shemmar Al-Thani, 2015). Vygotsky advocated for observation in promoting a childs development. Teachers become familiar with a childs development through listening and watching his behavior, in this way, a greater degree of learning occurs as the teacher is aware of what the student knows, and can relate it to learning new concepts. In Vygotskys view, social interaction promotes individualized thinking. Concerned with the process of learning and instruction, Jerome Bruners theory supports children learning through guidance and support. Similar to Vygotsky, Bruner believed instructional scaffolding to be vital to a childs cognitive development. In Bruners view, any student can be taught any subject regardless of his stage of development, given support is provided in the right way, at the right time (Choudhry, 2013). An advocate for discovery learning, Bruner believed learning to be an active process. Learners create new ideas or concepts based on existing knowledge. Bruners theory of learning was based on children learning through three phases of cognitive development in which he or she progresses: the enactive phase, iconic stage, and the symbolic mode (Choudhry, 2013). Focusing primarily on mathematics, Zoltan Dienes theory of learning includes applying teaching practices that consider childrens learning styles, and the rate their learning occurs (Gningue, 2016). Dienes theory includes the use of manipulative materials, games and stories. He believed at an earlier age than previously thought, children can comprehend complicated math concepts than previously assumed. Per Dienes theory, mastering a new concept is a process that evolves over time, and involves the child progressing through stages, or cycles of learning (Gningue, 2016). Vygotsky, Bruner, and Dienes Versus Piaget The work of Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are often compared because they both acknowledged the participation of individuals in constructing knowledge; however, there are also differences in their schools of thought. Central to Piagets theory, cognitive development follows four universal stages, in which more sophisticated, and abstract thought increases. Piagets theory holds that stages occur in the same order, building on knowledge gained from the previous stage, and grouped according to age in which the childs abilities are classified. Vygotsky took the position that through adult assistance, a child is gradually capable of performing tasks without assistance. Development is a result of the childs interaction with assimilation and accommodation in which a balance between preexisting concepts and new information is attained, and new knowledge is constructed (Choudhry, 2013). Piaget thought that a child is actively involved in his learning, and learning was a result of the childs int eraction with his environment. Vygotsky also considered children as active participants in their learning; however, he focused on the impact of social interaction and language on a childs cognitive development, and believed personal and social experiences cannot be separated (Mooney, 2013). Another similarity of Vygotsky and Piaget, is their view on the importance of play in a childs development and learning. In contrast to Piagets stage theory of a childs development, Bruner believed children could learn any subject with the support and guidance of an adult. Bruner, like Piaget, saw children as actively involved in their learning process. Similar to Piagets stages, Bruners theory also consisted of phases of development in which children progress as they learn and develop. However, Bruners modes were interrelated, unlike Piagets specifically defined stages. Unlike Piaget, Dienes focused primarily on childrens learning and development of mathematical concepts. Dienes theory involves progressive stages to learning math, much like Piagets theory of cognitive development. Piaget proposed that children learn best from concrete activities, similarly Dienes theory also emphasized the importance of children learning through the use of manipulative materials (Gningue, 2016). Additional Theorists John Dewey was instrumental in developing theories regarding young childrens learning and development. In agreement with Piaget and Vygotsky, Dewey saw the child as an active part of his learning process, and learning as child centered, and interactive (Mooney, 2013). Dewey believe the childs social world and community to be vital to his development. Dewey emphasized the role of the teacher in observing students to understand what kind of experiences they were interested in, and plan curriculum to help children understand his or her world. Maria Montessori developed a child centered approach to learning. She believed children learn skills, including language, naturally from his or her environment, and placed emphasis on preparation of the learning environment (Mooney, 2013). Montessoris work suggests that the most critical time of learning is during the first years of life, and learning comes through manipulation of the environment and training of the senses (Platz Arellano, 2011). Montessoris curriculum was based on the philosophy that educators should be passive but provide guidance as children are active participants in their learning process. John Locke saw children as a blank slate in their nature and ability to learn (Platz Arellano, 2011). Childrens nature and learning are influenced by their environment, and their early experiences had a lasting effect on their future. Locke also saw children as individuals who should be raised based on their individuality and taught according to their individual needs (Platz Arellano, 2011). Lockes view supports teaching children to read as soon as they learn to speak. Credited with the development of kindergarten curriculum, Froebel saw the importance of using play as a teaching strategy for young children. Froebels play curriculum did not include instruction on reading, writing, or counting (Platz Arellano, 2011). Play, games, and songs are vital to developing attitudes of cooperation and self-control in children. Froebel believed block play to be essential in child development as it represented the building blocks of the universe (Platz Arellano, 2011). References Choudhry, M. (2013). Constructivism: Way to new learning. International Journal of Education and Management Studies, 3(2), 276-284. Gningue, S. M. (2016). Remembering Zoltan Dienes, a Maverick of Mathematics Teaching and Learning: Applying the Variability Principles to Teach Algebra. International Journal for Mathematics Teaching and Learning, 17(2). Retrieved from http://www.cimt.org.uk/ijmtl/index.php/IJMTL/article/view/17 Platz D. and Arellano, J. (2011) Time tested early childhood theories and practices. Education. 32(1), 54-61. Retrieved from https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-269228798/time-tested-early-childhood-theories-and-practices

Fiction Vs. Non-Fiction Essay

Literary form of writing is held to be exemplary because it is noticed due to its imaginary nature while others less straightforward forms try to cover their fictionality. The logic here is antirealist, skeptical and pragmatist. A complex case for this line of consideration might run as follows. At first a more or less common stand is set up starting with uncomplicated design of fiction, in both its description and object senses. According to this suggestion a patent divide subsists between imaginative literature, when defined in expressions of fiction creation and other conversations whose intention is not creation but description. Imaginative literature builds imaginary worlds which, although no doubt drawn from features of the existent world, are nonetheless explicitly constructs of the brain. The non-fiction, more ‘serious’ literature is not concerned with imaginary units but with the actual thing. They are evaluated not in terms of imagination but in terms of reality or association with the reality. Fiction versus fact becomes the crucial characteristic that marks off imaginative literature (Lamarque & Olsen 172). Despite there being multiple literary ‘genres’ it appears a bit odd that writing is essentially separated into just two large categories: non-fiction and fiction. Contemporary writers sometimes get a bit of information from each of these groups and form â€Å"historical science fiction† or â€Å"historical fiction† (Heller, 123). Works cited Heller, Clark Von. ESL Doxography 101. West Conshohocken: Buy Books on the web, 2006. Lamarque, Peter, Olsen, Stein Haugom. Truth, fiction, and literature: a philosophical perspective. New York:   Oxford University Press, 1996

Looking Glass Self Essay

In the most basic terms the Looking Glass self is your self image which is formed by the views others hold of you. These views the people around you have can have either a positive or negative effect on your self imagine. First we picture how our personality and appearance will come off to others, and then we think about how they will judge our personality and appearance. As people around us pass judgment on who we are this is when our self-concept develops, basically who we think we are and how we feel about ourselves as a whole. These judgments’ can have a powerful effect on ones beliefs and feelings about themselves. I’ve felt and been effected by the beliefs another person has about me. When I was in the 8th grade I thought I was a wonderful student, smart, well behaved. I felt as though my teachers all thought the same way. Then one day my homeroom teacher called me stupid for missing a homework assignment. To be called out in front of the class like that was horrifying. Though that wasn’t the only time an incidence like that occurred. In the 9th grade I struggled with math. I did poorly on tests, I already lacked confidence in the subject and it took one day with a substitute teacher to shatter it completely. I will never forget the words she said to me â€Å"Why can’t you finish the test? Are you stupid? † As child of any age, those words are damaging to the way you feel about yourself, and the way you think others perceive you. â€Å"Tell a child he’s stupid enough times and eventually he’ll start believing you, claims Benj Vardigan, with the Behavioral Institute. When a child makes mistakes or doesn’t understand a concept, his knee-jerk reaction may be to conclude that he’s stupid. Take that one step further and watch a child stop trying to understand or stop trying to learn a concept because he automatically assumes he can’t figure it out. † (Hatter) In A Class Divided on of the first examples of looking glass self that I picked up on was when the children came back in from recess after fighting. Mrs. Elliot asks â€Å"What’s wrong with being called brown eyes? † and a little  boy, Roy, says â€Å"It means we’re stupider and – well, not that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It’s immediate how the effect of this experiment took hold. These children took to heart what their teacher, Mrs. Elliot had said, that brown eyed children are less than blue eyed children, they aren’t as smart or as well behaved. In the first day of the lesson the effects on their peers perception of them had caused so much turmoil that it caused one child to hit another, clearly the negative aspect of looking glass. In the Teaching Adults section, Mrs. Elliott describes how she gave tests before during and after the lesson on discrimination. Telling the audience that the student test scores raise on the day they are on top, scores drop when they are on the bottom and after the experiment the children’s testing scores maintain a higher level. She attributed this to the children discovering how good they are. I believe instilling a positive self-imagine in a child is one of the most important things a parent, or teacher can do. â€Å"Whether self-concept is positive or negative can influence important areas of a child’s development and achievement. Educators have recognized that there is a link between self-concept and performance in school. Students with a strong self-concept tend to have good grades and take an active role in school. They are able to accept challenges and enjoy new learning experiences. Students with a negative self-concept tend to have both attitude and behavior problems. They may be unwilling to try new things, because they believe they will fail anyway, or they may not work up to their potential. Some educators feel that a positive self-concept is so important that children need to be taught to like themselves before they are taught academic skills such as reading, writing, and mathematics. † (Myers-Walls and Hinkley)

Dr. Leon Pinsker s Life - 1609 Words

Ben Jacobson Jewish Studies Dr. Leon Pinsker was a Zionist pioneer and activist. His views over time changed based on his experiences. At first, he believed that Jews can assimilate and be part of a nation if equal rights were granted. He believed the Jews were one people, but not one nation. He said, â€Å"They home everywhere, but are nowhere a home... The Jews are not a nation because they lack a certain distinctive national character, inherent to all other nations, which is formed by common residence in a single state.† However, over time he began to realize this was not reality. After seeing the Jews discriminated against he realized that Jews needed their own homeland. Equality in a foreign nation was not possible. He adds â€Å"Among the†¦show more content†¦Observing shabbat, studying text, celebrating holidays helps define our jewish identity. Being Jewish is not by name only but in the practice of our traditions. We are a culture deeply rooted in the past and the practice of these traditions in the present. When it comes to Israel, Yoffie believes in a state that is democratic, and offers â€Å"equal rights to all those who permanently reside within its borders†. The two state solution is the only answer and those who support it are rightfully granting equal rights to their Arab inhabitants and support democracy without reservations. Yoffie says the state must be Jewish and hold a secure jewish majority, so that her citizens can experience what it truly means to be jewish in the holy land. A Jewish state without being the majority would negate the concept of establishing a Jewish democratic state. A Jewish state where Jews are the majority would promote the values of a Jewish nation. This would include the religion and culture of the Jewish people, would allow Jews to sing a jewish national anthem, have jewish holidays represent the rhythm to the calendar, and to have a place where the jews can openly use their jewish values and spirit in their daily life. The Jews would no longe r struggle in being the minority. Rabbi Yoffie states that the precise nature of a Jewish nation has yer has yet to be defined and will evolve over time. It will evolve over time

Constitutional Rights Assignment 3 Essay - 2109 Words

Constitutional Rights Turrochelle McEachern Introduction to Public Policy/ PAD 525 8/22/2014 Professor Dr. Timothy Smith This report reviews and analyzes individual rights afforded by the constitution and their applicability to the suit for wrongful termination in the case of Korb versus Raytheon. The specific constitutional rights under review are the freedom of speech, freedom of information and challenges associated with employment law. Lawrence Korb, a former Assistant Secretary of Defense and current employee of Raytheon, a large equipment manufacturing company for the U.S. military was terminated after making public statements criticizing defense spending and calling for a reduction of Navy’s fleet. Raytheon, a manufacturer of†¦show more content†¦That business decision was not an interference with any secured rights under the first amendment of the constitution. Although Korb is free to express whatever opinions he wishes, his employer, Raytheon does not have to pay him to do so. There is a distinct contrast in the freedom of speech rights of an employee of a private corporation and the freedom of speech rights of an employee of the government. The Massachusetts Supreme Court opinion in the Korb case reminds us of the famous dictum of Oliver Wendell Holmes in an 1892 Massachusetts case that involved a policeman who was a member of a political committee and who solicited money for that committee. The policeman was then discharged from the police department. The ex-policeman petitioned the court for restoration of his employment. The Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that the petitioner may have a constitutional right to talk politics, but he has no constitutional right to be a policeman (Rbs2.com, 2000). There are few employments for hire in which the employee does not agree to suspend his constitutional rights of free speech as well as of idleness by the implied terms of his contract. The employee cannot complain, because he freely accepts the employment on t he terms which are offered to him. Analyze and explain any challenges with freedom of information. In the United States, freedom of the press and the broader freedom of speech are protected by the FirstShow MoreRelatedLegal Environment of Business1600 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment of business Home Assignment Seminar leader: Margit Racz Student name: NurlÐ °n S. KurmÐ °lÐ °yÐ µv Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2. The constitutional order of Hungary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 1. Legislation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 2. Execution tasks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................................................................3 3. Judicial power†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 3. The constitutional order of the EU†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Read MoreConstitutional Law Research1028 Words   |  5 PagesConstitutional Law Research Paper Warm Up Activity: Check any of the following statements that strike you as something you strongly agree with or disagree with. It may lead you to a research topic! * There are nasty criminals out there who commit horrific crimes; such people who are convicted in a court of law should be executed. Or†¦ The death penalty should finally be put to death by the Supreme Court. * Though I’m patriotic and love the pledge, it’s simply unconstitutional and needsRead MoreAge of Enlightenment and Glorious Revolution622 Words   |  3 Pages|Name: Lawrence Jokun |Date: 09/10/2011 | Graded Assignment Outline and Thesis Statement (20 points) |Score | | | 1. Complete the following outline, as you read online about the events in England that were milestones in the development of democracy. (There are ten items that need information.) 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You may simply copy over your notes if they are complete. a. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 19, 26 2. Investigating the â€Å"right† to privacy in the Constitution – Using reliable Internet sourcesRead MoreThe People : Ethics And Social Responsibility Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pages ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 7 OGBE MOSES E VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA For this week Unit 7 written assignment, I choose to talk about Voluntary euthanasia. A brief history and ethical and unethical dilemma of this topic will also be looked into in this assignment. A physician or doctor that carried out an act of voluntary euthanasia (Mercy killing), brings about the deathRead MoreAp Euro Chapter 191602 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 19- French Revolution 1) Describe the 3 estates of France. Who paid the taxes? Who held the wealth and power in France? The first estate was the top 1% of population which is the government, church, and clergy men. They experienced special privileges and paid no taxes. The Second Estate is made up of the 2% of population and included nobility. They experienced special privileges and were taxed lightly. The Third Estate was made p of the common population. They included lawyersRead MoreWhat Is Federalism1066 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 1: What is Federalism? Student: Danny Franco Professor: Tracy Herman POL 110 August 8, 2014 Bose, Dilulio, and Wilson (2013), state that in America, political authority falls under both national and state governments. This division of political authority between the two entities is called federalism. The delegates at the Constitutional Convention were in agreement that some degree of federalism was necessary; however, the amount of federalism that was to be written into the Constitution

Internet Censorship in China Essay - 1997 Words

The revolution in Egypt at January, 2011 became the headline for most of the news media in the world. At February 11 Egypt president MubÄ rak stepped down from president. Egypt people finally won the competition. The Internet played an import role in the Egypt revolution. The first message was posted on twitter which says â€Å"January 25 is the Police day of Egypt; let’s get to Tahrir Square to express our ideas.† Even though Egypt government shut down the Internet, it did not stop people. Western Companies provided services of posting Twitter through telephone. Maybe the Chinese communist party feels glad as it had already blocked the websites such as Facebook and Twitter years ago. Although most countries positively evaluated the Egypt†¦show more content†¦And when it came to the 21st century, Communist Party recognized the importance of propaganda through the Internet. Chinese Communist Party’s first attempt on Internet propaganda is Golden Shield, or GFW (Great Fire Wall), which is the general appellation for China’s â€Å"secret† Internet filtering system. It is used to inhibit people in China from accessing websites including political, religious, porno, and some websites with unknown reason. It is â€Å"secret† because till now the Chinese government never formally admits its existence. The GFW is mainly set for political purpose. Materials considered harmful to the Chinese government is blocked by filtering system. Chinese call them â€Å"sensitive word†, which include Chinese officials’ names and political issues that considered harmful to state power, for example, 64 and Xiaobo Liu. 64 implies the Tiananmen Square Event happened in June 4, 1989. At that day Chinese government gave the order for the army to quell the protest on Tiananmen Square. After more than 20 years this topic is still forbidden in China. 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Blockchain Applications for Bitcoin Transaction- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBlockchain Applications for Bitcoin Transaction Graph. Answer: Introduction A blockchain is the continuous growing list of specific records, known as blocks that are eventually linked as well as secured with the help of cryptography [6]. Each and every block comprises of a specific cryptographic hash of the last block, the transaction data and a timestamp. According to design, any blockchain is resistant to the data modification. It is open and distributed ledger, which records the transactions within two parties effectively and permanently [5]. The following report outlines a brief description on the entire concept of blockchain and its two major applications, viz. Bitcoin and Ethereum. The field and purpose of these applications will be provided here. Moreover, the complete working model of the application will be given here. The advantages and disadvantages of Bitcoin and Ethereum will also be depicted here. Discussion Field and Purpose of Bitcoin and Ethereum i) Bitcoin: The first and the most important application of Blockchain technology is Bitcoin. It is the typical kind of crypto currency and the payment system that is being undertaken worldwide. Bitcoin is the first digital currency that is decentralized and can work without the central bank [4]. Field of Bitcoin is the new faucet of bitcoin. The best example of this faucet is PayPal bitcoin. It allows transactions from any currency and is extremely fast and secured. The main purpose of Bitcoin is to make transactions virtually. It works with the linked sets of blocks of various transactions records [1]. It is type of crypto currency and helps the user in making the payment easily and securely. ii) Ethereum: This is the second important application of Blockchain technology. It is an open source and public blockchain based computing program as well as operating system that feature smart contract functionality [10]. Field of Ethereum can be defined as the transaction based state machine. All the transactions can easily alter the state and that state can keep the track of every transaction. The main purpose of Ethereum is that it is traded as the exchange of digital currency similar to other currencies. Working Model of Bitcoin and Ethereum i) Bitcoin: The working model of Bitcoin is extremely easier. At first, the Bitcoin wallet is to be installed in the system or phone and it would generate the first address of Bitcoin [3]. Next, the transactions are included in the blockchain. The Bitcoin network relies on this blockchain. Thus, the spendable balances as well as the new transactions are verified. Cryptography enforces the chronological order and the integrity of blockchain. Then the Bitcoin wallet keeps a private data piece known as the private key that are utilized for signing the transactions. It provides a mathematical proof of the owner [2]. Within the next ten minutes, the transaction is broadcasted within the users with the mining procedure. The process of mining helps to ensure that the transaction is done successfully by including them in the blockchain. ii) Ethereum: The working model of Ethereum is different from the Bitcoin. It enables the user in programming their own smart contracts. At first the funds are kept in the multi signature accounts [7]. Next, agreements are made between the users and utility is provided to the other contracts. Finally, information is stored regarding the domain registration and membership records. Scalability Issues i) Bitcoin: The scalability problem of Bitcoin solely refers to the restriction or limitation in the amount of transactions to be made. It is completely related to the fact that the records within the bitcoin blockchain are restricted to the frequency and size [4]. The block comprises of the transactions over the bitcoin network. ii) Ethereum: The scalability problem of Ethereum is that the there is a restriction in the set of users. Only a minimal number of users can utilize this technology [9]. Moreover, time is another important problem. It delays payments. Features and Weaknesses of Bitcoin and Ethereum i) Bitcoin: There are various features of the Bitcoin technology. The mist important feature is Bearer Ecash, which means that it works exactly like the physical cash. The second feature is that it does not require permission from anybody [1]. Privacy is the next important feature, which allows secured transactions. Moreover, it is non political currency and a virtual commodity. In spite of having these advantages, there are few disadvantages in Bitcoin as well. They mainly include unacceptability worldwide, stolen wallets, fluctuations in valuation, risks of technical faults and in built deflation [3]. ii) Ethereum: The main features of the Ethereum technology majorly include being a platform through which the users could utilize tokens for creating and running applications. The second feature is that it uses turing language [8]. The next feature is that the cost of Ethereum is given in gas form. Furthermore, no middleman is required in this type of technology. In spite of having these advantages, few disadvantages are also present in Ethereum. They are Bottom dollar that makes the process slower, lack of documentation and regular up gradations. Socio-Technical Aspects i) Bitcoin: The socio technical aspects of the popular application of Blockchain, namely, Bitcoin mainly include Dark Web Crawler and integration of Blockchain analytical tools [3]. The major technical aspect is that it utilizes private key cryptography and thus the security of the transactions is maintained. ii) Ethereum: The socio technical aspects of Ethereum include the creation of smart contracts for independently releasing tokens once the investor transfers the funds [7]. It is extremely simple and easy method. Thus, it could be utilized by all users. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that blockchain technology can be simply defined as the incorruptible digital ledger of any type of economic transactions, which are eventually programmed for recording not only financial transactions, but also everything. It is the most traditional method of sharing all types of documents with proper collaboration. The most amazing advantage of this particular technology is that it comprises of an in built robustness. It stores the information in blocks across the network. Blockchain technology helps to eradicate the manipulation problem. Blockchains are always secured by design and comprises of high fault tolerance. The decentralized consensus makes the blockchains perfect for event recording or medical details recording. There are various applications of blockchains like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Truthcoin, Factom and Namecoin. The above report has properly outlined the concept of blockchain and its two applications, Ethereum and Bitcoin. References [1] Eyal, Ittay, and Emin Gn Sirer. "Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable." InInternational conference on financial cryptography and data security, pp. 436-454. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014. [2] Ron, Dorit, and Adi Shamir. "Quantitative analysis of the full bitcoin transaction graph." InInternational Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pp. 6-24. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013. [3] Reid, Fergal, and Martin Harrigan. "An analysis of anonymity in the bitcoin system." InSecurity and privacy in social networks, pp. 197-223. Springer, New York, NY, 2013. [4] Androulaki, Elli, Ghassan O. Karame, Marc Roeschlin, Tobias Scherer, and Srdjan Capkun. "Evaluating user privacy in bitcoin." InInternational Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pp. 34-51. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013. [5] Swan, Melanie.Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.", 2015. [6] Zyskind, Guy, and Oz Nathan. "Decentralizing privacy: Using blockchain to protect personal data." InSecurity and Privacy Workshops (SPW), 2015 IEEE, pp. 180-184. IEEE, 2015. [7] Wood, Gavin. "Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger."Ethereum Project Yellow Paper151 (2014): 1-32. [8] Atzei, Nicola, Massimo Bartoletti, and Tiziana Cimoli. "A survey of attacks on Ethereum smart contracts (SoK)." InInternational Conference on Principles of Security and Trust, pp. 164-186. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2017. [9] Hirai, Yoichi. "Defining the ethereum virtual machine for interactive theorem provers." InInternational Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pp. 520-535. Springer, Cham, 2017. [10] Delmolino, Kevin, Mitchell Arnett, Ahmed Kosba, Andrew Miller, and Elaine Shi. "A programmers guide to ethereum and serpent."URL: https://mc2-umd. github. io/ethereumlab/docs/serpent_tutorial. pdf.(2015).(Accessed May 06, 2016)(2015).